THE SEVILLE STATEMENT ON VIOLENCE

INTERCIENCIA     Mar – Apr 1987     Vol 12 • No. 2
Interciencia is a journal published by Interciencia Association, a non-profit organization chartered in Caracas, Venezuela.
The Interciencia Association aims to unite the scientific communities of the Americas and enable them to aid more effectively the development of the nations and the welfare of their people.
Interciencia Association was founded in 1974, in Recife, Brazil, and incorporated in Caracas, Venezuela in 1975.
Interciencia is dedicated to stimulating scientific and technological research, to its humane use and to the study of the social context in which scientific and technological development occur, especially in Latin America and the Caribbean.  To this end Interciencia encourages communication among the scientific and technological communities of the Americas.

      On behalf of the twenty who drafted and signed the Seville Statement on Violence, and the many people who are disseminating it throughout the world, I wish to call the Statement to the attention of your readers.  We hope that your readers can use it in the service of peace!
      By publishing the Statement, you will take part in a process that extends worldwide.  The text of the Statement is being published in scientific and popular journals from Australia to the USSR.  It is being formally endorsed and disseminated by professional scientific organizations.  It is being adopted in teaching curriculums at the secondary school and university level.  It is being discussed and circulated by the peace movements of various countries.  We hope that it will eventually be adopted by UNESCO for dissemination, and we would appreciate the help of your readers to ask their National UNESCO Commissions to support the process.
      As indicated in the Statement, there is much more that can be said.  We have not said the last word, but taken a first step.  We hope that your readers will agree and will carry the process forward.
	Yours, in the Struggle for Peace,         
	David Adams, Professor of Psychology, Wesleyan University 
	Middletown, Connecticut 06457 
	Psychological Laboratory, U.S.A. 

STATEMENT ON VIOLENCE

      Believing that it is our responsibility to address from our particular disciplines the most dangerous and destructive activities of our species, violence and war; recognizing that science is a human cultural product which cannot be definitive or all-encompassing; and gratefully acknowledging the support of the authorities of Seville and representatives of the Spanish UNESCO; we, the undersigned scholars from around the world and from relevant sciences, have met and arrived at the following Statement on Violence.  In it, we challenge a number of alleged biological findings that have been used, even by some in our disciplines, to justify violence and war.  Because the alleged findings have contributed to an atmosphere of pessimism in our time, we submit that the open, considered rejection of these mis-statements can contribute significantly to the International Year of Peace.
      Misuse of scientific theories and data to justify violence and war is not new but has been made since the advent of modern science.  For example, the theory of evolution has been used to justify not only war, but also genocide, colonialism, and suppression of the weak.
      We state our position in the form of five propositions.  We are aware that there are many other issues about violence and war that could be fruitfully addressed from the stand point of our disciplines, but we restrict ourselves here to what we consider a most important first step.
      IT IS SCIENTIFICALLY INCORRECT to say we have inherited a tendency to make war from our animal ancestors.  Although fighting occurs widely throughout animal species, only a few cases of destructive intra-species fighting between organized groups have ever been reported among naturally living species, and none of these involve the use of tools designed to be weapons.  Normal predatory feeding upon other species cannot be equated with intra-species violence.  Warfare is a peculiarly human phenomenon and does not occur in other animals.
      The fact that warfare has changed so radically over time indicates that it is a product of culture.  Its biological connection is primarily through language which makes possible the coordination of groups, the transmission of technology, and the use of tools.  War is biologically possible, but it is not inevitable, as evidenced by its variation in occurrence and nature over time and space.  There are cultures which have not engaged in war for centuries, and there are cultures which have engaged in war frequently at some times and not at others.
      IT IS SCIENTIFICALLY INCORRECT to say that war or any other violent behavior is genetically programmed into our human nature.  While genes are involved at all levels of nervous system function, they provide a developmental potential that can be actualized only in conjunction with the ecological and social environment.  While individuals vary in their predispositions to be affected by their experience, it is the interaction between their genetic endowment and conditions of nurturance that determines their personalities.  Except for rare pathologies the genes do not produce individuals necessarily predisposed to violence.  Neither do they determine the opposite.  While genes are co-involved in establishing our behavioral capacities, they do not by themselves specify the outcome.
      IT IS SCIENTIFICALLY INCORRECT to say that in the course of human evolution there has been a selection for aggressive behavior more than for other kinds of behavior.  In all well-studied species, status within the group is achieved by the ability to cooperate and to fulfill social functions relevant to the structure of that group.  "Dominance" involves social bondings and affiliations; it is not simply a matter of the possession and use of superior physical power, although it does involve aggressive behaviors.  Where genetic selection for aggressive behavior has been artificially instituted in animals, it has rapidly succeeded in producing hyper-aggressive individuals; this indicates that aggression was not maximally selected under natural conditions.  When such experimentally-created hyper-aggressive animals are present in a social group, they either disrupt its social structure or are driven out.  Violence is neither in our evolutionary legacy nor in our genes.
      IT IS SCIENTIFICALLY INCORRECT to say that humans have a "violent brain."  While we do have the neural apparatus to act violently, it is not automatically activated by internal or external stimuli.  Like higher primates and unlike other animals, our higher neural processes filter such stimuli before they can be acted upon.  How we act is shaped by how we have been conditioned and socialized.  There is nothing in neurophysiology that compels us to react violently.
      IT IS SCIENTIFICALLY INCORRECT to say that war is caused by "instinct" or any single motivation.  The emergence of modern warfare has been a journey from the primacy of emotional and motivational factors, sometimes called "instincts," to the primacy of cognitive factors.  Modern war involves institutional use of personal characteristics such as obedience, suggestibility, and idealism, social skills such as language, and rational considerations such as cost-calculation, planning, and information processing.  The technology of modern war has exaggerated traits associated with violence both in the training of actual combatants and in the preparation of support for war in the general population.  As a result of this exaggeration, such traits are often mistaken to be the causes rather than the consequences of the process.

        We conclude that biology does not condemn humanity to war, and that humanity can be freed from the biological pessimism and empowered with confidence to undertake the transformative tasks needed in this International Year of Peace and in the years to come.  Although these tasks are mainly institutional and collective, they also rest upon the consciousness of individual participants for whom pessimism and optimism are crucial factors.  Just as "wars begin in the minds of men," peace also begins in our minds.  The same species who invented war is capable of inventing peace.  The responsibility lies with each of us.
	—Seville, May 16, 1986   

David Adams, Psychology, Wesleyan University, Middletown (CT) USA; S. A. Barnett, Ethology, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia; N. P. Bechtereva, Neurophysiology, Institute for Experimental Medicine of Academy of Medical Sciences of USSR, Leningrad, USSR; Bonnie Frank Carter, Psychology, Albert Einstein Medical Center, Philadelphia (PA) USA; José M. Rodriguez Delgado, Neurophysiology, Centro de Estudios Neurobiológicos, Madrid, Spain; José Luis Diaz, Ethology, Instituto Mexicano de Psiquiatria, Mexico D. F., Mexico; Andrzej Eliasz, Individual Differences Psychology, Polish Academy of Science, Warsaw, Poland; Santiago Genovés, Biological Anthropology, Instituto de Estudios Antropológicos, Mexico D.F., Mexico; Benson E. Ginsburg, Behavior Genetics, University of Connecticut, Storrs (CT) USA; Jo Groebel, Social Psychology, Erzichungswissen-schaftliche Hochschule, Landau, Federal Republic of Germany; Samir-Kumar Ghosh, Sociology, Indian Institute of Human Sciences, Calcutta, India; Robert Hinde, Animal Behavior, Cambridge University, UK; Richard E. Leakey, Physical Anthropology, National Museum of Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya; Taha M. Malasi, Psychiatry, Kuwait University, Kuwait; J. Martin Ramirez, Psychobiology, Universidad de Sevilla, Spain; Federico Mayor Zaragoza, Biochemistry, Universidad Autónoma, Madrid, Spain; Diana L. Mendoza, Ethology, Universidad de Sevilla, Spain; Ashis Nandy, Political Psychology, Center for the Study of Developing Societies, Delhi, India; John Paul Scott, Animal Behavior, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green (OH) USA; Riitta Wahlström, Psychology, University of Jyväskylä, Finland.